登陆注册
14812400000050

第50章

Having rejected Transubstantiation in order to rid himself of the sacrificial idea and of the doctrine of a Christian priesthood, he fought strongly for the Real Presence on the ground that God's body, being united to the divinity, enjoyed the divine attribute of ubiquity. To this Zwingli made the very effective rejoinder that if the words of Scripture "This is My body and this is My blood" are to be interpreted literally they could bear only the sense put upon them by the Catholics, because Christ did not say "My body is in or under this bread," but rather "This (the bread) is My body." Furthermore, he pointed out that Luther's explanation concerning the ubiquity of Christ's body led clearly to a confusion of the divine and human nature of Christ, and was in consequence only a renewal of the Monophysite heresy, condemned by the whole Christian Church.

This unseemly dispute between the two leaders of the new movement did not please the Protestant princes of Germany, for whom division of their forces might mean political extinction. The Elector of Saxony supported Luther warmly, while Philip of Hesse was more or less inclined to side with Zwingli. A conference was arranged between the two parties at Marburg (1529), at which Luther and Oecolampadius were present to defend their views. On a few secondary matters an agreement was arrived at, but on the main question, the Real Presence, Luther would yield nothing, and so the Reformers were divided into two parties, German Lutherans and Swiss Reformed.

----------

[1] /Precis Historique de l'Abbaye et du Pelerinage de Notre-Dame-des-Ermites/, 1870.

[2] /Realencycl. fur Protestantische Theol./, xxi., p. 778.

[3] Schwane, op. cit., p. 141.

[4] Schwane, op. cit., p. 349.

[5] Dollinger, /Die Reformation/, i., pp. 430-51.

[6] Alzog, iii., 256-7.

(c) Northern Europe.

See bibliography, chap. ii. (a). Karup, /Geschichte der Katholischen Kirche in Danemark/, 1863. Munter, /Kirchengeschichte von Danemark und Norwegen/, 1823. Theiner-Cohen, /La Suede et la Saint-Siege sous les rois Jean III., Sigismond III., et Charles IX./, 1842. Butler, /The Reformation in Sweden/, 1884. De Flaux, /La Suede au XVIme siecle/, 1861. Englestoft, /Reformantes et Catholici tempore, quo sacra emendata sunt, in Dania concertantes/, 1836. Schmitt, /Die Verteidigung der Kathol. Kirche in Danemark gegen die Religionsneuerung im 16en Jahr/, 1899.

/Confutatio Lutheranismi Danici/, etc. (written 1530, ed. 1902).

At the beginning of the sixteenth century political power in Denmark was vested to a great extent in the hands of the bishops and nobles.

It was by these two parties that the king was elected, and so great was their influence that, as a rule, the candidate chosen by their votes was obliged to accept any conditions they cared to impose. The bishops, as in most countries at the time, held enormous estates, granted to their predecessors by the crown or bequeathed by generous benefactors for the maintenance of religion. Unfortunately, with some exceptions, they were not men zealous for religious interests, or capable of understanding that a serious crisis was at hand. In every direction the need of reform was only too apparent, and, as such as work had not been undertaken by those who should have undertaken it, a splendid opportunity was afforded to the men who desired not the welfare of religion but rather the overthrow of the Church.

Christian II. (1513-23) wished to put an end to the supremacy of the bishops and nobles and to assert for himself and his successors absolute control. He was a man of great ability and determination, well acquainted with the tendencies of the age, and not particularly scrupulous about the means by which the success of his policy might be assured. To such a man Luther's attack on the bishops of Germany seemed to be almost providential. He realised that by embracing the new religious system, which enabled him to seize the wealth of the Church and to concentrate in his own hands full ecclesiastical power, he could rid himself of one of the greatest obstacles to absolutism, and secure for himself and his successors undisputed sway in Denmark.

Though his own life was scandalously immoral he determined to become the champion of a religious reformation, and against the wishes of the nobles, clergy, and people he invited a disciple of Luther's to Copenhagen, and placed at his disposal one of the city's churches.

This step aroused the strongest opposition, but Christian, confident that boldness meant success, adopted stern measures to overcome his opponents. He proclaimed himself the patron of those priests who were willing to disregard their vows of celibacy, issued regulations against the unmarried clergy, and appealed to the people against the bishops and the nobles. As the Archbishop-elect of Lund was unwilling to show himself to be coerced into betraying the interests confided to his charge, the king commanded that he should be put to death.

By these violent methods he had hoped to frighten his subjects into compliance with his wishes, but he was doomed to speedy and complete disappointment. The bishops and barons, though divided on many questions, were at one in their resistance to such despotism, and they had behind them the great body of the people, who had little if any desire for a religious revolution. Christian II. was deposed, and in his place his uncle, Frederick I. (1523-33), became king of Denmark.

同类推荐
热门推荐
  • 不朽途

    不朽途

    家族遭难,仅剩一对兄妹存活,两人为报血仇踏上修炼之路。
  • 许你一世阳光

    许你一世阳光

    大二那年,明寒宇他不知为何,匆匆离去,从此再无任何信息。毕业后苏珩在A市找了一份工作,当上了一名普通白领,只为了等他回来问他:“你为什么就突然走了,不和我说一声。”许容阳再她身后默默守护,陪着苏珩一起等明寒宇。一年后,苏珩的妈妈住进了医院,苏珩看着手里拿着的单子,一位男生突然跑了过来,将她撞到在地。那个让她愿意等三年的人,他回头看了一眼就跑开了。一年后在机场擦肩而过,没有说什么就拉着苏珩的手向外跑去。……多多支持啊!
  • 冷血三公主pk冷酷三王子

    冷血三公主pk冷酷三王子

    她,冷血;她,腹黑;她,霸气;他,冷酷;他,温柔;他,花心。六个性格迥异的人会喷出怎样的火花呢?
  • 狂妃笑:冷酷王爷狂傲妃

    狂妃笑:冷酷王爷狂傲妃

    无论来世或者今生,她只求四字,那就是平凡与平安。然而,上天总是在捉弄她,无论来世还是今生,都让在命在惊涛骇浪中,失忆、失身、失恋甚至于失命。老天爷,得罪你也不用这么耍人吧,她指天盟誓,誓要和老天爷斗一斗,让自己的命运齿轮倒转!
  • 青春永不说再见

    青春永不说再见

    史上最强吐槽小说震撼来袭!!有个身残志坚的年轻人说过这么一句话:青春,是一道明媚的忧伤。很多人都说,什么是真正的青春?其实一代人一种青春,一个人一种青春,青春,它带给我们欢笑,也带给我们泪水,它有时候狂放不羁,有时候也循规蹈矩,我们不需要非得给青春加一个什么定义,在我心里,青春无定义,活出自己的无悔就可以了,因为年轻的青春正在发声!!《喜羊羊与灰太狼》的编剧坑害祖国小花朵们的智商为什么不能说?国足拿着高薪水却踢的一塌糊涂为什么不能说?大部分国产电影都把观众们当逗比为什么不能说?希望郭四爷下次把自己的PPT换成3D动画为什么不能说?我想和王思聪王大少爷一起研究一下我们家新买的柜子为什么不能说?
  • 仙君难逑

    仙君难逑

    他是凌霄仙山的紫羽真君,“揽月清辉玉颜色,墨笔难描子风姿”她是柳府的三小姐,“清水芙蓉笑嫣然,道是娇憨道是谋”逃亲路上为了安危,耍赖缠着他,日久生情喜欢他怎么办,很简单.....桃花妖建议睡了他,原以为只是一场情动却不想早就前世有缘。她是他心上的一粒朱砂,是开在他心海的解语花,纵使遭受天道惩罚断了情根也初心不改。天界仙宴素手战白蛟,帝君赏愿,她说:“我要他”,这百年的苦修终不过是为他。此一生不做那花叶永不相见的彼岸花,碧落黄泉与君同行。
  • 健康一生的最佳习惯

    健康一生的最佳习惯

    我们的生活中的每一个小的细节,都和我们生活习惯息息相关,有些人习惯于早晨刷牙,有些人早晚都刷牙,但可能没有人去想究竟是早晨刷牙好,还是晚上刷牙好。生活中我们很多的习惯在不知不觉地吞噬着我们的机体,在无形中积累了这样或那样的疾病。其实,“一个人的后半辈子是由习惯的组成的,而他的习惯却是前半辈子养成的”养成一个好的生活习惯很重要,好习惯可以使你长寿,好习惯可以伴你健康一生。
  • 凤鸣炎啸

    凤鸣炎啸

    一向无法聚集灵力的废材,一经翻身,且看她叱咤风云!灵魂之体,星辰之女?撞运气撞出来的:上古炎凤,高傲无比?山里随手捡的:空间宝鼎,万年难遇?不就是屋子里面摆着吗:精灵之王,黑暗妖孽?那也的乖乖做下手去:晶莹宝玉,蕴含奥秘?不过就是脖子上的挂坠罢了……冥界帝王:难道是上辈子运气太差,这辈子运气才会这么好?
  • 婚入歧途

    婚入歧途

    为挽救家族债务危机,她背叛爱情,隐婚豪门。婚后——“原配?你只是我养的一条狗!”他俊颜森寒,言语恶毒,是她的丈夫!她无声反击,妄图逃离,却丢失真心……
  • 校草殿下专宠娇妻

    校草殿下专宠娇妻

    他-S市第一豪门MK公司少爷她-S市林家千金小姐他竟然成了她的未婚夫,她竟然成为了他的未婚妻没有感情的他们会擦出爱的火花吗同居三大法则:第一。不许在外说出我们的关系第二。在家长面前装恩爱,出门装陌生人第三。我睡床,你睡地,半年后取消婚礼他会遵守吗